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Stitch Christmas Gift - It happened in 2004, the day after Christmas, and thousands of European and American tourists flocked to the beaches of Thailand, Sri Lanka and Indonesia, escaping the chill of winter in a tropical paradise. At 7:59 a.m., a magnitude 9.1 earthquake -- one of the largest on record -- ruptured an underwater rift in the Indian Ocean, sending a massive column of water toward unsuspecting shores.
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The Boxing Day tsunami will be the deadliest in human history, claiming a staggering 230,000 lives in a matter of hours. The closest to the epicenter of the powerful earthquake was the city of Banda Aceh on the northern tip of Sumatra, and the first waves arrived in just 20 minutes.
It is almost impossible to imagine a mountain of water 100 feet high that engulfed a coastal city of 320,000 people, instantly killing more than 100,000 men, women and children. Buildings stacked like houses of cards, trees and cars were swept away by the oil-black rapids, and almost no one in the flood survived.
Thailand was next. With waves moving at a speed of 500 miles per hour across the Indian Ocean, the tsunami hit the coastal provinces of Phang Nga and Phuket an hour and a half later. Despite time slowing down, locals and tourists alike were caught completely unaware of the impending destruction.
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Curious beachgoers even wandered among the strangely receding waves, only to be chased by a raging wall of water. The death toll in Thailand was nearly 5,400, including 2,000 foreign tourists. An hour later, on the opposite side of the Indian Ocean, waves hit India's southeast coast near the city of Chennai, dumping debris-choked water miles inland and killing more than 10,000 people, mostly women and children, as many men.
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was on a fishing trip. But some of the worst damage was for the island nation of Sri Lanka, where more than 30,000 people were washed away and hundreds of thousands left homeless. A testament to the tsunami's record-breaking power is that the last victims of the Boxing Day disaster died nearly eight hours later, when furious and killer waves swept over swimmers in South Africa, 5,000 miles from the epicenter.
Vasily Titov is a tsunami researcher and forecaster at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Tsunami Research Center. He attributes the relentless destructive power of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami to the brutal force of the earthquake that triggered it. The earthquake was caused by a so-called megathrust, when heavy oceanic plates sink under lighter continental plates.
These are the biggest faults in the world, and they are all under water," says Titov. The 2004 earthquake ruptured 900 miles along the Indian-Australian plates 31 miles below the ocean floor. Instead of a single powerful shock, the earthquake continued relentlessly for 10 minutes, releasing as much pent-up energy as several thousand atomic bombs.
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America The Story of Us is an epic 12-hour television special that tells the extraordinary story of how America was invented. At the same time, massive sections of the ocean floor were uplifted by about 30-40 meters (up to 130 feet). The effect was like the world's largest pebble falling into the Indian Ocean, with mountain-sized waves spreading in all directions.
Titov emphasizes that tsunamis are not like the huge breaksurfing waves that many of us imagine. "It's a wave, but from an observer's point of view you wouldn't recognize it as a wave," says Titov. "It is rather that the ocean turns into a river of white water and floods everything in its path."
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Once in the raging waters, if the current doesn't pull you under, the debris will do the job. "During earthquakes, a certain number of people die, but many more people get injured. With a tsunami, it's the opposite," says Titov. "Almost no injuries, because it's very difficult to survive in such a disaster." An earthquake and tsunami as big as in 2004
is so rare that catastrophic tsunamis are almost unknown in the long cultural history of India and Sri Lanka, explains Jose Borrero, a tsunami researcher at the University of Southern California and director of eCoast, a marine consultancy based in New Zealand. "[The Indian Ocean tsunami] hit the coast in these places that also
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there was no natural warning because they were far enough away to not feel the earthquake," says Borrero. "So with no natural warning, no official warning, and no history of tsunamis hitting populated coastlines, it's the perfect combination to cause a lot of death and destruction.
Both Borrero and Titov participated in USGS expeditions in early 2005 to measure the magnitude of the tsunami that hit Sumatra. During these expeditions, scientists confirmed a maximum wave height of more than 131 feet on the northwestern tip of the island. Borrero recalls encountering a huge cargo ship loaded with bags of cement that was flipped on its back with the propeller raised in the air.
It was the worst tsunami since 1960," says Borrero, referring to the 8.6-magnitude Chile earthquake and tsunami that swept the Pacific Ocean, including leveling the city of Hilo, Hawaii, 15 hours after the quake. Titov will never forget the scene of widespread destruction he witnessed in Sumatra even months after the tsunami subsided.
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We took a boat from the middle of the island to Banda Aceh, the most affected area, and for hundreds of kilometers it looked like someone took an eraser and erased everything below the 20-meter line," he says. Titov. "The extent of the destruction was simply staggering."
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Dave Roux is a freelance writer based in the US and Mexico. A longtime contributor to HowStuffWorks, Dave has also contributed to The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and Newsweek. We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us!
HISTORY regularly reviews and updates its content to ensure its completeness and accuracy. Stitch Christmas gifts are a great way to make friends, family and loved ones feel your love. There is nothing better than the feeling of opening a gift box and seeing your favorite character.
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