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Horror Gift Box - It was 2004, the day after Christmas, and thousands of European and American tourists flocked to the beaches of Thailand, Sri Lanka and Indonesia to escape the winter cold in a tropical paradise. At 7:59 a.m., a magnitude 9.1 earthquake, one of the strongest on record, ruptured an underwater fault in the Indian Ocean and sent a huge column of water onto unsuspecting shores.
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The Boxing Day tsunami would be the deadliest in recorded history, claiming 230,000 lives within a few hours. The city of Banda Aceh on the northern tip of Sumatra was near the epicenter of the powerful earthquake, and the first waves hit in just 20 minutes.
It's almost impossible to imagine a 100-foot mountain of water engulfing a coastal town of 320,000, killing 100,000 men, women and children instantly. Decks of cards, trees, and buildings like houses were swept away in the black rapids of oil, and virtually none caught in the flood survived.
Next came Thailand. An hour and a half later, the tsunami hit the coastal provinces of Phang Nga and Phuket with waves reaching 800 km/h in the Indian Ocean. Despite the passage of time, locals and tourists were completely unaware of the impending disaster. Curious beachgoers wandered among the strange waves, only to be pursued by a churning wall of water.
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The death toll in Thailand was around 5,400, including 2,000 foreign tourists. An hour later, on the opposite side of the Indian Ocean, waves hit the south-east coast of India near the city of Chennai, pushing debris-laden water miles inland and killing more than 10,000 people, including more women and children.
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The men were fishing. But some of the worst destruction was reserved for the island of Sri Lanka, where more than 30,000 people were swept away by the waves and hundreds of thousands were left homeless. In testament to the tsunami's record-breaking power, the final victims of the Boxing Day disaster died about eight hours after the sea and wild waves surprised swimmers in South Africa, 5,000 miles from the epicentre.
Vasily Tetov is a tsunami researcher and forecaster at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Center for Tsunami Research. He attributes the unprecedented devastation of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami to the brute force of the earthquake that produced it. The earthquake originates from a so-called megathrust fault, in which heavier oceanic plates subduct under lighter continental plates.
These are the largest faults in the world and they're all underwater," says Titoff. The 2004 earthquake ruptured a 900-mile segment along the Indian and Australian plates 31 miles below the sea floor. The earthquake was not a violent shock, but lasted 10 minutes and generated the force of several thousand atomic bombs.
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US The Story of Us is an epic 12-hour television show that tells the extraordinary story of how America was invented. Large parts of the sea floor were pushed up by an estimated 30 to 40 meters (up to 130 feet). The effect was like the world's largest pebble falling into the Indian Ocean, with waves the size of mountains spreading in all directions.
Tetoff emphasizes that tsunamis don't look like the big surf that many of us imagine. "It's a wave, but from an observer's point of view you wouldn't recognize it as a wave," says Titoff. "It's like the sea turning into a river of white water, flooding everything in its path." Once you're caught in choppy waters and the current doesn't pull you down, the debris will finish the job.
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A certain number of people die in earthquakes, but many people are injured. In tsunamis, it's exactly the opposite," says Titov. "Almost no injuries because it is such a difficult disaster to survive." The 2004 earthquake and tsunami are so rare that devastating tsunamis are virtually unknown in the long cultural history of India and Sri Lanka, says Jose Borrero, tsunami researcher at the University of Southern California and director of eCoast.
Marine consultancy based in New Zealand. "[The Indian Ocean tsunami] made landfall in places that didn't have a natural warning because they were far enough away not to feel the earthquake," Borrero says. "With no natural warning, no official warning, and no history of tsunamis hitting a shoreline full of people, it's the perfect combination to cause a lot of death and destruction." Both Borrero and Titov participated in US Geological Survey expeditions in early 2005
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part to fully measure the tsunami that hit Sumatra. During these expeditions, scientists confirmed waves of up to 131 feet at the northwestern tip of the island. Borrero recalls encountering a large cargo ship loaded with bags of cement and hanging upside down in the air with the propeller on its back.
It was the largest tsunami event since the 1960s," Borrero says, referring to the magnitude 8.6 earthquake and tsunami in Chile that devastated the Pacific Ocean and Hilo, Hawaii, 15 hours after the quake hit the ground leveled. Months after the tsunami subsided, Titov will never forget the scene of widespread devastation he witnessed in Sumatra.
We took a boat trip from the center of the island to Banda Aceh, the hardest-hit area, and for hundreds of miles it looked like someone wiped out everything below the 20-meter line," he says. Titov. "The sheer scale of the devastation was just staggering."
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Dave Rose is a freelance writer based in the US and Mexico. A longtime HowStuffWorks contributor, Dave has also published in The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, and Newsweek. We strive for accuracy and fairness. But if you see something that doesn't appear right, click here to contact us!
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